All,
I have already put my 2¢ here. Now for the $1.00 version.
My thoughts as to the origins of the 519x series of vises:
How about a short story, may be fact, may be fiction, may be a bit of both. In any case, this is my story and I am sticking to it. You can consider it a straw man and you are welcome to shred, or burn, it.
Directly following WW2, the Marshall Plan: (The following is a direct quote from Wikipedia, minus the footnotes and citations)
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (approximately $120 billion in current dollar value as of June 2016) in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning April 8, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous once more, and prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, labour union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.
More, directly from Wikipedia: (again minus the footnotes and citations)
Aid to Asia
From the end of the war to the end of 1953, the US provided grants and credits amounting to $5.9 billion to Asian countries, especially China/Taiwan ($1.051 billion), India ($255 million), Indonesia ($215 million), Japan (
$2.44 billion), South Korea ($894 million), Pakistan ($98 million) and the Philippines ($803 million). In addition, another $282 million went to Israel and $196 million to the rest of the Middle East. All this aid was separate from the Marshall Plan.
My story:
WW2 is over, the US government comes up with a plan - it is going to "buy" the friendship of our enemies by pouring money into their economies. The idea is to rebuild these economies by giving them the means to manufacture products that would be sold to American consumers. I.E. Cheap foreign goods. Hey, who else had money in those days?
To make this plan work the government needs US retailers on board. So it goes to US retailers and encourages them to import stuff from Europe and Asia. Sears is the largest retailer in the US and surely must have participated.
Now to Japan. What is an easy industry to quickly rebuild? How about metal casting? Casting is not a high tech process; humans have been casting metals for centuries. To turn up a foundry what do you need? You need a source for the metal, the appropriate type of green sand to form the molds, flasks to hold the molds, a heat source(fire), crucibles to heat and pour the metals. One can literally turn up a back yard foundry in a couple of days. See issues of Popular Mechanics from this time period to see how to do it.
The Japanese are excellent metalsmiths and have been working with steel for centuries. How about Samurai swords?
So, one of the Big Heads at Sears decides to use Japan to produce a cast product. The Craftsman people decide they would like a line of heavy duty premium vises made on the cheap.
Now for the design. Sears shows the Big Heads at the Japanese foundry some of the vises that Sears has sold in the past: Rock Islands and Reeds. Maybe they throw in an Athol as well. Or the Japanese foundry owners go to the US and buy a selection of US made vises and use them as prototypes for their soon to be vise. Any way they do this, they now have some examples of what American vise consumers want in a vise.
So the Japanese foundry owners combine what they consider to be the best features of their examples into a single vise: Rock Islands jaws, Reeds low profile Mack truck like fixed jaw, four footed swivel base and toothed swivel wedge. The beefy slide and main screw of the Athols, and for some reason, a "glass chin" as the slide support.
One other thing that needs to be dealt with,
COOL -
Country
Of
Origin
Laws. After all, you would have to be a complete fool to believe that American males would buy tools made by the same Japanese that were shooting at them just a few years before. So the gov looks the other way and lets the vises come into the country with no COO markings. Hence no
Made In Japan anywhere on the vise, and no
Made In U.S.A. either.
How does making a heavy product like a vise make economic sense from a shipping point of view? (and, please remember that Sears did import Japanese made vises in the late 1970's early 1980's(? Not sure when the 391 vises started being imported).
There are a large number of ships from the US delivering US made industrial equipment to Japan. Heavy industrial equipment. (My Father was Maintainer working for the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1949 until 1989. His territory was the Mon Valley, probably the most industrialized area on this plant. As a young boy I vividly remember seeing hundreds of flat cars, box cars open and covered gondolas and specialized delivery cars coming out of the Mon Valley plants and mills (home of US Steel, Mesta, and many others) marked for Japan, Italy, Poland Yugoslavia, India, Brazil, etc., etc.) Big, heavy pieces of equipment. A train with all the pieces you would need to build a rolling mill, a finishing plant, a structural plant.... I also remember him saying repeatedly: there goes that equipment, there go our jobs…
So all this heavy equipment is being delivered to these countries. Once this equipment is off loaded what are the ships going to do? Return empty? Or is there something they can carry back? Does it make sense to load them with water as ballast (ballast is needed for stability purposes) and send them home otherwise empty? Or, how about filling them up with products for the US market?
Early on in the industrialization process there is a need for Japanese made product with weight. The heavier the better - these ships need to get home, they need weight for stability. Metal product has weight, So, we have an ideal situation here for the product of iron foundries. Heavy product as ballast, something like a vise, would fill this need nicely. For an example of ships needing ballast weight, see:
http://www.oldsaltblog.com/2014/02/...last-cobblestones-blitz-bricks-bristol-basin/
BTW As a child my Grandparents telling me the story of ships bringing Belgian Block to the US as ballast in a similar situation. (Three of four of my Grandparents were OTB.) The US was the "Workshop of The World" so empty ships or ships carrying immigrants would arrive here. The human cargo and Belgian Block ballast would be unloaded and American made goods would be loaded up with for the ships' return trip to Europe. Which made a lot of sense to me as there are literally hundreds of streets here in the 'burgh made of Belgium Block.
So, once again, this is my story and I am sticking to it.
JKB