Beam angle. As a fair approximation, a 45 degree angle makes a spot of light on the floor with a diameter twice the height of the fixture. Half the angle , 22.5 degrees, and the spot shrinks to equal the height, but gets brighter.
Bear in mind the "spot" is not sharp edged like a theatrical spotlight; the edge is the point at which the brightness starts to fall off rapidly.
In other words, to get a certain brightness over a certain area with a certain ceiling height, it requires a certain beam angle.
Start with how bright you want the light where you're going to be trying to see things, then the ceiling height, then refer to manufacturers' specs to find the fixtures you need.