I appreciate all of your responses. You guys provided me with some good information and things to consider.
My main takeaway is that the block construction with furring and drywall is probably adequate but the window and door openings should be the areas for concern. The impact windows are double pane and do not transmit much sound at all; I'm impressed with how quiet they are. The exterior doors are all outswing and they close tightly against the weatherstripping on all four edges so they're probably as good as I'm going to get. The roll-up door is insulated but the track is an area for concern. The roll-up door is impact rated so the tracks are more closed off than a typical roll-up which makes sealing them up a little easier. The door came with an exterior seal but it is inadequate. I'm going to order a brush seal for the exterior and I am going to install a weatherstrip on the interior side.
As a crude test, I turned on the shop-vac, the stand mixer, and the tile saw inside the shop with all the doors and windows closed. I went to the exterior side of the back wall and could barely hear anything. I went around to where the roll-up door is located and I could hear the noise but it was muffled. I walked to the fence on the property line directly in front of the roll-up door and the noise sounded as if someone was vacuuming in a room on the other side of the house. And, this was with all the weatherstripping pulled out of the exterior door jambs because I had just painted the doors. So, as others have mentioned, I'm probably overthinking this and the noise generated is really not going to be a concern.
Thanks again for the replies; sorry I haven't responded to all the responses and questions but I've been busy laboring away at building this shop. I do appreciate everyone's input!