No federal Reserve in 19th century. Common theme for economic recessions, depressions, general economic downturn or whatever term used is a period of enthusiastic speculation, followed by the bubble bursting. Referring to the OP's question and the discussion about infaltion-deflation of prices, the general wisdom used to be that following a war prices dropped. This is not universally true. Case in point: The University of SC got some money together after World War II for an English Department building. Someone in admistration said, well, prices are going down now that the War is over, lets wait a while and the money will go further. It didn't work out that way, there was a building boom after the war and building prices increased, resulting in a smaller building being built.
Re Federal Rereserve, I would like to see a good professional study of the effectiveness of the Federal Reserve because frankly I don't know much about it.
KEH