Good old NEMA to rescue us.
NEMA WD 11-2023 — Wiring Devices Frequently Asked Questions
Page 13 — “15 A Receptacles 20 A Circuit”
Question:
“Why is it allowable to use multiple 15-amp receptacles on a 20-amp circuit? I have been told that 15 A receptacles can safely pass through 20 A of current (i.e., internal construction of 15-amp receptacle = internal construction of 20-amp receptacle). Is this correct?”
NEMA Answer:
“15 A receptacles are tested, and UL Listed, to carry 20 A from terminal to terminal so they can be used safely on a 20 A branch circuit as a pass-through device without requiring separate pig-tailing, etc. The basic internal construction that interfaces with the plug is tested and listed to carry 15 A, as it will only accept a 15 A plug.”
Source:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Wiring Devices Frequently Asked Questions, NEMA WD 11-2023, page 13.