The depression in the concrete at the garage door we refer to as a weatherlip; useful when driving winds try to blow against the garage door and helps prevent water intrusion and gives a void for interior water drainage to pool if door is closed (garage floor drains verboten). Very common in my VA/MD area but am guessing its a regional thing?
The weatherlip is typically a vertical jump of around 1-2" (usually a 2x4 form board is used so nets 1.5" or so). I hate them as its a PIA to roll jacks over, trip hazard, etc. But they are on our approved plans and it is the company standard, so the concrete guy puts them in place. I work for a production builder so assume the OP's builder does same. (I deleted them at my house and mother-hen'd a sloped transition at the break point with door.)
We typically stop our wood framing about 1/4" from the concrete weatherlip "floor" so that it can't wick up (these are fillers while the structural items are on adjacent elevated stem walls). However, we use PVC 1x trim on the jambs and that goes tight to the concrete; this appears lacking in the OP's pics. The flex weatherstrip seal by the garage door vendor is then applied over the PVC trim to seal the door tight to the trim and concrete; this also appears lacking in the OP's pics.
We do not see those kinds of gaps in our new houses. Some light passes but much less than the OP's.
Garage door might also need to be adjusted to **** the bottom in tighter to the jambs.