Not to be unduly alarmist but that looks like de-lamination. Before you repair what you can see, drag a chain around the area in question. If you hear a distinct change in tone it indicates additional de-lamination. You could also tap on the edges with a hammer to see if the adjacent surface comes up.
De-lamination occurs when the concrete surface is sealed up by steel troweling before bleed water rises. The water literally pools under the surface creating a void. Since the concrete surface is separated from the underlying concrete, it breaks loose easily.
Hopefully I'm wrong or it's a localized problem. If the slab doesn't get heavy use, the de-laminated surface might stay put and you can patch the bad area with a product such as Ardex. If you ever consider an expensive floor covering such as epoxy, you'll want to make sure your slab surface is sound or it might all come up.