Yeah, rat droppings have viruses and bacteria in them, like any other.
You do not want to breathe in dust particles, as microorganisms will be present and get into your lungs. If I were doing this, I would even shave off my beard for the duration of the task to give a better seal with the dust mask.
Hanta virus has killed some people in my area of the midwest. This virus is present in the feces of a certain mouse population and people have become infected by cleaning out sheds, garages, basements, etc., sweeping up dirt that includes some mouse droppings. These are not rats, but you get the idea.
I wouldn't have any children or pets around while I was doing the job, either.