Recommendations:
Anywhere the wood contacts concrete use PT (pressure treated) wood. This would include either on the slab / CMU block course or against the garage block wall.
Ideally, wood should have a minimum 6" separation from grade . . that is, any horizontal exterior surface. So that means either dirt, gravel, or concrete. This is to keep water from splashing up on the wood wall when it rains.
Were it my project, I'd run a course of 8" tall CMU blocks around the perimeter of the slab. Holes would be drilled into the concrete slab with some pins (rebar cut to short lengths, threaded rod, bolts, etc) epoxied in place. Actually, bolts with the hex head point up would be good. Then set down the course of CMU blocks and pack the hollow cores with grout, setting anchor bolts into the wet grout to hold on your PT sill plate on top of the block course. The grout will cure around the head of the bolt "pins" and lock the block course in place. Put the sill sealer between the PT sill plate and the grout-packed CMU course.
This would give you a solid anchoring method into the concrete slab and get your wood up off the ground sufficiently for a good long life.
For anchoring the PT wall studs to the existing garage block wall, I'd use the sill sealer there, too. And some kind of concrete anchor / fastener to attached the studs to the block wall.