That is an extremely old style of vise, its ancestor was a wedge vise where a square wedge was hammered up to create the force on the jaws, this one uses a screw. The very long tail ends says saw sharpening rather making parts or smithing. This is more than likely a lightweight vise to sharpen crosscut saws or sharpen axes or the like by loggers out in the field/camp that would need to be lightweight to be carried frequently.