Hi there, I know this is a very old thread. Apologies, I found it in Google for a search about the very same thing. Here is what I can tell you:
I live in a mobile home, my main portable AC unit really does not help me in high summer. I needed a "crosswind" - So I bought a small window LG unit. Since this was a window AC, I didn't bother with permits. In fact I just spoke to HCD, and they said I don't need one.
However - The only window that would be of use was the kitchen door, which is aluminum. It's the only area where I could put the unit to get a good crosswind. The LG unit fit right in, and I added a wooden support that matched the window frame, it basically fits into the window like a shelf. The AC sits on this, and is bolted down with L-Brackets. I also have brackets holding the wood in place. The radiator portion of the unit peeks out about 5 inches beyond the window, and the fan section about 7 inches from the inside. It does not interfere with my egress one bit.
I've had this installed for 2 years, all on the idea that since it was a window unit, I didn't need any permits. But I've just gotten a notice form Health and Safety, that it's "not allowed" - However, it is not prohibited in the California code. In fact, the idea of a Window AC in a door is not mentioned whatsoever. Mainly the complaint came from my park manager who likes to make life miserable in here, and the complaint wasn't even originally about the AC unit, it was about a light fixture in my carport that never had a permit, but that was already there when I took residence. Basically I am dealing with people who are taking one code provision, since it does not apply to the original issue, they are making it apply to something unrelated.
Mainly they told me, if I could get a permit for it from HCD, they'd back off. But HCD may or may not allow this, and it's not health and safety but HCD who has final jurisdiction about this, but Housing and Community Development.
So, about your garage, if the door is not commonly used, you might be able to do it. But I would check with any Department of Housing in your area, if you can do it. The codes for a normal house may differ, but if a building permit can be obtained, it should be allowed, if in fact you ever did this. I say you should, if you can do it and not have it interfere with normal use of the garage.