It was said that Williams dockets were dimply Snap-On dockets with different toll marks and s thinner plating coating.
I have no clue if this is true, but a thinner plating coat would take less time, and save a bit if money on the plating mix, which saves significant money over hundreds of thousands of sockets, both in time, electrical cost, and plating material.
The Williams sockets supposedly weren’t quite as “precise” to fastener size, which would and could correspond to a thinner plating, leaving a slightly looser fit, if the sockets were made using the same forming tooling as a Snap-On socket.
I know Armstrong/Danagher, who used to make a number if the Craftsman tools, did a similar thing, since some Armstrong and Craftsman wrenches were almost the same, and had a very distinctive proprietary design.
The less expensive Craftsman wrenches had a thinner plating, and lacked the notch in the jaw that the Armstrong version had.
I presume with these wrenches, Danagher simply manufactured batches of the wrench forging, and then just finished the broaching and plating and name stamping whenever one brand needed more wrenches.
As far as whether CAT sockets are the same as Snap-On ones, the base dockets may be the sane, but the roll stamping and plating finish could be different thicknesses, or the same, depending on whatever the contract Snap-On had with CAT was.
The major cost is making the forming dies, and the production line. If Snap-On can run some extra sockets during down time when Snap-On branded ones aren’t needed, they would.
CAT is likely paying fir the toll stamping dies as part of their contract.
I would also expect the production cost of a socket is 10% or less of Snap-On’s retail price, probably less or way less.
Students can buy Snap-On at 50% of retail cost, and Snap-On wants to make decent money on those sales as well, since Snap-On still has to warrantee the tools if the tools break.
I suspect plenty of industrial tool retailers are paying 25%-40% of the list retail price for the tools they sell, with highly automated tool products having a way higher markup, such as 1/4” insert bits.
Plenty of manufacturers make the same products, with different labels, to be sold by customers at way different markups.
Years ago, I knew some girl whose parents owned a clothing manufacturer, and they basically mentioned that their parents would sew different band labels into the exact same product for different customers.
The T-shirts I bought at Target were identical, except for label, to ones I saw at Some high end department store on clearance. The clearance price was $40, marked down from $80. Target sold the same shirts for $15-$20, and the shirts could be bought on sale for about $10, somewhat regularly.
The shirts were a soft cotton so I bought a bunch since I regularly shop at Target.