roughly in the 100-200 ft-lb range, but more specifically you could look up the lug torque spec and add 50% to the top of it, again that's a rough estimate to count on breaking it free
Not necessarily an accurate number imo.
Newer cars are typically pretty easy because all of the coating is still on the lug threads and stud threads and the nut doesn't seat as tightly on the wheel till they're good and broken in. But older vehicles, trucks/suv's, cars with lug nuts that are a little worn, rust belt cars, it's very often that they take quite a lot of force to remove.
I would bet that out of the thousands of wheels I've removed, 100-200 ft-lb would be able to remove half of them at the very most. I actually used my 300 ft/lb 3/8" air impact on wheels a lot and it rarely had enough power for trucks and often struggled with older cars.
also has nothing to do with overtorquing. The longer the lugs stay on there without being removed the more force they will take to remove.