Mike, I figured that out about a half second after I posted my question. ("Oh ****, he said cast iron ...." Yeah, I can be a **** sometimes LOL!!! )
Anyway, yes -- it's not only possible but routine. I can't speak for these other guys responding to this thread, but my invoices detail more bodywork and clean up than anything else since I try to get your metal as close to perfect as possible first before any powders get pointed at it. Cast iron typically has a lot of slag and rough edges but it also produces some of the most beautiful powder coated finishes possible.
Here's a few "before" and "after" pictures of an old cast iron dinner bell to illustrate my points ... owwwww, watch out -- some of 'em are sharp too dang it.
My powder supplier has over 6,500 colors, textures and finishes to choose from, and the ability to custom-match your sample too in the unlikely event they don't already make the exact color you need. Matching your polished aluminum shouldn't be too difficult at all.
Keep in mind though that most silver / gold / chrome looking powders are not UV stable on their own ... since your calipers are going to be subjected to the elements they will also have to be cleared to provide that needed UV protection or you'll end up having to polish them in the future (because there's real metal in the powder).
I bill at $25/hour and quote every job individually to be fair to everybody. If you can email me some good pictures of the calipers, I'll get back to you with a quote. (I've also got the paperwork here on my desk to formally get on board with the GJ Alliance to be able to offer ya'll a discount too ... just because the members of this board have been so helpful to me in the past, and I fully believe in Paying It Forward.

) Feel free to give me a call if you have other questions or want to discuss details.