I'd try the Naval Jelly. But rust is really hard to get out of the cement. In the past, I have sprinkled a thin layer of the powdered cement over the rust and let it dry. It is hard to match the color, though.
Try wood bleach.....oxalic acid. If you can find it.
I have also had decent results from limestone (soup). Take crushed limestone and mix with water. Strain off the water and apply it to the rust. Results do vary though, depending upon the origin of the limestone. Have also tried (garden) lime mixed with water...just not the same.
Maybe there are some chemists out there......
TSP and CLR both duds in my experience. TSP is good in your washer (clothes)...does make a diff.
For small areas, try making a paste of crushed vitamin C tablets and water. Scrub, let it sit for a few minutes and then rinse well. If it lightens the stain but doesn't remove it, repeat.
I used muriatic in my garage but I was cleaning the whole floor in prep for a floor coating. It'll get the rust out by eating the outer layer of concrete the rust adheres to. The result is a cleaner patch where it was applied OR if it's mixed weaker, won't remove anything.