Old Radar,
I don’t mean to dispute anyone else’s suggestions - I lack the experience. I agree anti-seize might do some good.
I suppose your main concern is to keep the guards remove-able? I think your original analysis is correct - similarly hard materials applied with force will gall, and stainless and aluminum are not of similar hardness. But what happens when a hard material (steel) is screwed into a softer material (aluminum)? Technically, there won’t be galling, because the steel will simply deform the aluminum. The screws will be fine, but repeated removal and reinstallation of the guards will inevitably strip the soft female threads. Still, like you say, you can reduce stripping by avoiding over-tightening.
You may have seen plain steel swell with rust, and want to avoid the screws seizing from that cause. Stainless seems like an answer, but it is very far away from aluminum on a galvanic series chart, so in some environments it’s going to rob electrons from the aluminum to keep its own good looks. Again, the screws will be fine, but the aluminum will weaken. As has been stated, a small amount of stainless in a larger mass of aluminum is not really a big problem.
But here’s my thing: are you really trying to preserve your replacement screws, or the aluminum casting? Probably the aluminum, since they’re not making any more of them, and they are making new screws. A lot of new screws.
For aluminum castings, I would think zinc-plated steel is a better all-around choice than stainless. For one thing, it’s cheaper and will be available in more patterns. And I think that’s what the original screws would have been. You could replace all the zinc-plated screws every time you swap wheels, and probably spend less on them than one set of stainless. The zinc will be softer than bare steel or stainless steel. The zinc will protect the steel from oxidation. And the zinc and plain steel under it are a lot closer to aluminum on the galvanic series than stainless is, so any electron-stealing is going to be a lot slower.
Maybe cadmium-plated steel screws would be an even better choice. I don’t know. You don’t see them in bulk at Lowes or Home Depot.